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Never allow culture to become completely confluent. Subculture when 80% confluent or less.

Volumes used in this protocol are for 75 cm² flask; proportionally reduce or increase amount of dissociation medium for culture vessels of other sizes.

1. Remove and discard culture medium.
2. Briefly rinse the cell layer with 0.25% (w/v) Trypsin- 0.53 mM EDTA solution to remove all traces of serum which contains trypsin inhibitor. 
3. Add 2.0 to 3.0 mL of Trypsin-EDTA solution to flask and observe cells under an inverted microscope until cell layer is dispersed (usually within 5 to 15 minutes).
4. Note: To avoid clumping do not agitate the cells by hitting or shaking the flask while waiting for the cells to detach.  Cells that are difficult to detach may be placed at 37°C to facilitate dispersal.
5. Add 6.0 to 8.0 mL of complete growth medium and aspirate cells by gently pipetting.
6. Add appropriate aliquots of the cell suspension to new culture vessels. For plates (50mm) use an inoculum of 3 X 10⁵ cells per plate and subculture every 3 days. For 75 cm² flasks use 4 X 10⁵ cells per flask and subculture every 3 days. 
7. Incubate cultures at 37°C.

Todaro GJ, Green H. Quantitative studies of the growth of mouse embryo cells in culture and their development into established lines. J. Cell Biol. 17: 299-313, 1963. PubMed: 13985244

Bennicelli JL, et al. Mechanism for transcriptional gain of function resulting from chromosomal translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5455-5459, 1996. PubMed: 8643596

Vogt M, Dulbecco R. Studies on cells rendered neoplastic by polyoma virus: the problem of the presence of virus-related materials. Virology 16: 41-51, 1962. PubMed: 13926482

Todaro GJ, et al. Antigenic and cultural properties of cells doubly transformed by polyoma virus and SV40. Virology 27: 179-185, 1965. PubMed: 4284655

Todaro GJ, et al. Transformation of properties of an established cell line by SV40 and polyoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 51: 66-73, 1964. PubMed: 14104605

Fang X, et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates activator protein 1 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 13683-13689, 1997. PubMed: 9153219

Chen ST, et al. Generation of packaging cell lines for pseudotyped retroviral vectors of the G protein of vesicular stomatitiis virus by using a modified tetracycline inducible system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10057-10062, 1996. PubMed: 8816750

Campbell M, et al. The simian foamy virus type 1 transcriptional transactivator (Tas) binds and activates an enhancer element in the gag gene. J. Virol. 70: 6847-6855, 1996. PubMed: 8794326

Hsu DK, et al. Identification of a murine TEF-1-related gene expressed after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts and during myogenic differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 13786-13795, 1996. PubMed: 8662936

Nucleotide (GenBank) : X85983 M.musculus mRNA for carnitine acetyltransferase.

Nucleotide (GenBank) : U85711 Mus musculus phospholipase C delta-1 mRNA, complete cds.

Nucleotide (GenBank) : U85713 Mus musculus phospholipase C-beta-1b mRNA, complete cds.

Nucleotide (GenBank) : U85714 Mus musculus phospholipase C-beta-1b' mRNA, complete cds.